To make matters worse, there has been an increase in diabetes cases in developing countries. This potentially hinders the ideal development outcome to get rich without getting fat.

According to the Global Hunger Index (GHI), even though the 2023 global GHI score has decreased from 19.1 in 2015 to 18.3, the number of undernourished surged.

The share of globally malnourished people increased from 7.5 per cent in 2017 to 9.2 per cent in 2022, reaching approximately 735 million persons.

Another challenge faced by both developed and developing countries is obesity.

Over 1 billion people worldwide lived with obesity in 2022. Since 1990, adult obesity rates have at least doubled, while the rates among children and adolescents (aged 5 to 19) have quadrupled.

Stunting lowers human productivity, which then leads to economic underperformance.

Meanwhile, obesity puts a strain on the national health expenditure.

As developing countries, Indonesia and Mexico face double problems since hunger and obesity exist like two sides of a coin.

The World Obesity Observatory reported that in 2019, the economic impact of overweight and obesity in Indonesia was US$17.47 billion (RM78.44 billion), representing 1.6 per cent of the country’s GDP. This number is projected to reach 4.7 per cent by 2060.

A similar trend happened in Mexico, where the cost of the obesity issues in 2019 was estimated at $23.17 billion or 1.8 per cent of GDP. By 2060, these expenses are forecast to reach 5 per cent.

The Indonesian Health Ministry recorded the trend of an increasing proportion of obesity in adults from 2007 to 2018.

Obesity in 2007 reached 10.5 per cent and increased to 14.8 per cent 2017. At the end of the period, the percentage rose to 21.8 per cent.

There is also a nutrition problem in Indonesia, especially among children.

While the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia has decreased from 27.7 per cent in 2019 to 21.6 per cent in 2022, it is still far from the government target of 14 per cent in 2024.

Stunting prevalence in Mexico is lower than in Indonesia. The National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2022 reveals that in 2021, 12.6 per cent of children under 5 suffer from stunting at the national level.

While Mexico has been part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for two decades, there has been a rise in overweight and obesity prevalence, with men’s rates increasing from 50 per cent to 65.4 per cent and women’s from 56.5 per cent to 67.6 per cent between 1994 and 2016, according to the Pan American Health Organisation.

Mexico is one of the world’s leading consumers of sweetened beverages.

Also, economic development and free trade agreements have reshaped the food landscape in the country.

Over the last four decades, Mexico has had a significant dietary transition to an increased consumption of heavily processed foods high in sugar, salt and fats.

In Indonesia, sugary foods are also sold cheaply and are widely available throughout the country.

Indonesia’s government should consider policies addressing the malnutrition and obesity challenges. The policy must address both the supply and demand perspectives.

Encouraging local food, for one, is essential to address the food supply regarding malnutrition issues.

On the demand side, the government should boost society’s purchasing power.

When people have a high income, they can alternate their diet by consuming healthy food and low-sugar products despite the price.

On obesity, the Indonesian government can add a sugar tax for food and beverage products with high-sugar ingredients.

They could also encourage the food and beverage industry to produce low-sugar products.

In Mexico, from 1992 to 2016, households allocated a smaller share of their budgets to vegetables and fruits, likely because these items tend to be more expensive.

Meanwhile, spending on sugary beverages rose as their prices declined.

Both Indonesia and Mexico can learn from Japan, the only country to get rich without its population getting fat, due to the country’s policies in preventing obesity.

According to the 2017 OECD obesity update, Japan exhibited the lowest obesity prevalence at 4 per cent.

Some of the critical policies that Japan has implemented to combat lifestyle-related diseases include Healthy Japan 21, which serves as the cornerstone preventive policy.

This initiative focuses on promoting changes in nutrition and eating habits, encouraging physical activity and exercise, and emphasising the importance of mental health care and adequate rest.

Japan also enacted the Basic Law on Dietary Education (Shokuiku) in 2005.

This law aims to educate the public about the significance of proper meals to address issues such as inappropriate eating habits, dietary problems and other lifestyle-related diseases.

This proves that in addition to government policies, it is essential for healthcare and educational systems in Indonesia and Mexico to play a fundamental role, not only in resolving nutrition problems, but in preventing them.

These efforts should be guided and supported by healthcare professionals who can provide ongoing guidance and oversight.